What is Linux?
What is Linux?
This is the most important question you should ask yourself before using Pardus 2007 ına Linux is based on some philosophical justifications and a great posture , not just a number of 0 and 1s . How Does?
I've been thinking about writing a plain text to explain what Linux is. But then I decided to choose a random space between two people who know what Linux is and who are curious about what Linux is, and to stop telling about what Linux is.
What is NU and GPL?
GNU (www.gnu.org) is a free software support organization. GPL is a license issued by this organization. Linux kernel is GNU GPL licensed. This means that everyone can get and use the Linux kernel freely .
What is Linux?
Linux, 32-64 bit, multi-user, multi-task, multi-purpose operating system. In 1991 Linus Launched as a project by Torvalds , it was developed with the support of many users on the Internet. Linux has a graphical interface, so that users are able to work in a way similar to the Windows graphical user interface. The biggest feature of Linux is that it comes ready for the Internet. With tools such as Samba and Mars, Novell ( tm ) and Windows NT ( tm ) are easy to replace. Linux has around 20 million users worldwide and is increasing day by day.
What would I do?
Linux is for everyone who wants to use an operating system at home and at work. Whether you are developing a program or an Internet connection, Linux has all the basic features you're looking for. Usually there are free software that you can find almost all your needs. It also has word processing, spreadsheet, presentation and graphics programs for use in office environment. Linux is used in a wide range from home users to large Internet service providers .
How much disk and memory do I need ?
You need a very humble hardware to run Linux . This operating system can work together with other operating systems (OS / 2, Windows 95/98 / NT, etc.) and can use the same disc.
To run Linux, if you do not use X Window 486DX2 / 66 and 16Mb RAM will work with much more. A machine with this configuration has all the Internet services that the organization needs.
Besides, you will need a Pentium-based, 64Mb RAM memory machine to work comfortably if you are constantly using Star Office, Netscape and intensively using the processor .
What is the best Linux distribution?
It is quite difficult to give a clear answer to the question, whether its your choice depends on the purposes for which these Linux distributions. Red Hat, Mandrake , SuSE , Caldera and Debian are among the most up-to-date and continuously supported distributions . XFree86 package for working with X Window comes with all distributions .
Windows C: D: yes, Linux, what is it?
Instead, Linux has a node that corresponds to each disk. For Linux operating system (and other UNIXs), all external devices are actually checked through files. Below are the disk devices used by Linux :
/ dev / hda First hard drive
/ dev / hdb Second hard drive
/ dev / hdc Third hard drive
/ dev / hdd Fourth hard drive
In addition, to define the parts of each hard disk, the partition number is written at the end of the node (file) corresponding to the hard disk .
/ dev / hda1 Part one of the first hard disk
/ dev / hdb3 The third part of the second hard drive
/ dev / hdd5 The fifth part of the fourth hard drive
I want to see a CD. How can I do it?
The mount command is used to see the CD and other partitions . To see files on this type of device in the system, the device must be connected to the disk hierarchy . The use down here a sample excerpt:
# mount / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom ( link / dev / cdrom to / mnt / cdrom )
# mount / dev / hda3 / mnt ( connect / dev / hd a3 to / mnt )
Linux and Windows on the same computer ?
Works. Most Linux users have both Linux and Windows. If you set up Linux to open from both WIndows and Linux (which the setup program does for you), you will have the chance to choose one of these two operating systems.
Windows and Linux can be found on the same or separate disc. Linux cannot be installed on VFAT or NTFS, it must be installed on its own disk format (ext2). If you do not have a disk partition for Linux on the disk with the help of Disk Defragmenter in Windows , first collect the disk information, then split the disk with the fips.exe program. Both programs are two frequently used and reliable software.
To run Linux, a partition on which the host system will be installed and swap space ( swap You will need another partition to be used for space .
So what does the swap area mean?
The swap space is the place used in almost all modern operating systems where programs are sent to disk when memory is not enough. Linux will also want to use this swap space as a separate disk space for greater performance. Depending on the purpose of the dummy, you should allocate at least 1Gb to Linux and 30-50Mb in the swap area.
Which area was previously opened during installation is insignificant. If you have more than one disk, you can install Linux to any one you want .
Are there tools like Photoshop in Linux ?
In Linux, there is a GIMP-like program similar to Photoshop . Photoshop users will have no problem getting used to GIMP . GIMP is free and comes with almost all Linux distributions.
Under Linux . Does exe file extension work?
The structure of files and directories in Linux is slightly different from Windows. The suffix does not matter if a file is executable. The end. A file ending in txt can actually be the image file. It is not important for the program to open it. File names can be up to 255 characters.
On Linux. EXE extension files with the help of DOSEMU program work. DOSEMU gives Linux the ability to run DOS programs . In addition , programs such as Wine and vmware are also under Windows to run Windows programs .
How many MBs of RAM does Linux recognize?
Linux can still work on systems up to 2Gb memory. For new kernels, this number is up to 4Gb. Old Linux kernels can recognize the first 64Mb RAM in Linux. To overcome this problem, the append = " mem = 96M" line must beretrieved into the / etc / lilo.conf file (96Mb in the example).
How do I promote my audio and video card on Red Hat Linux?
Red Hat and Mandrake After installing the system in Linux for any reason to use the audio and video card to re-introduce the program are respectively sndconfig and Xconfigurator . You should use both programs with therights of the authorized user ( ro ot ) rather than the normal user .
There is no sound in KDE .
Go to the K - Settings - Sound - System Sound menu in KDE . Click on the button that says "Turn on system sounds". If your sound card is defined, you will be able to use KDE's audio features.
Which text editors are under Linux?
The editors you can use under Linux (even with not every distribution) have pico , jed , joe , vi (text on the screen) and gedit , kedit , x jed (on the X Window screen).
How can I change the screen resolution as in Windows?
It is possible to change the X Window's screen resolution by pressing the + and - buttons on the Control-Alt and numeric keyboard . However, in order to do this, you need to adjust the display card to support multiple resolutions .
How do I get to X Window ?
The video card is in SuSE sax in Mandrake or RedHat Xconfigurator , Caldera, XF86Setup program after introducing ' st artx ' will be sufficient to write.
How do I write Turkish in the console?
After selecting a keyboard by following the instructions at this ftp, it is necessary to install the appropriate keyboard map to the / etc / profile file to make it permanent .
Where are startup files like AUTOEXEC.BAT ?
When opening Linux, it reads / etc / rc.d / rc.local ; in addition, when a user enters the system, he / she will also read the file / etc / profile. You can set system-specific settings from / etc / rc.d / rc.local and user-specific settings from / etc / profile.
I'm connecting to the Internet with Kppp , but it doesn't connect with netscape anywhere .
Go to the DNS menu at the bottom of Kppp and enter the DNS number that you will obtain from your Internet service provider .
I'm falling from the line within 10 seconds of being connected with Kppp .
into the / etc / ppp / options file
lcp-max-configure 30
Add the line .
How do I get Star Office?
You can find the Star Office at www.sun.com. If you use a modem to download the file holding approximately 70MB of bi You have to wait long run.
Star Office installed, Turkish TTF fonts, how can I see?
In the ftp.gelecek.com.tr / pub / staroffice directory, setting up Star Office and setting Turkish ttf fonts are explained respectively.
How to format and copy floppy disks?
The mtools package that comes with Linux is ready for this. The mtools package contains a number of programs designed to read DOS disks. All programs ( dir , ren, copy , format) that are used under DOS and provide data exchange with floppy disks are also available in mtools , but there is only one "m" character at the beginning of the program ( md ir , mren , mcopy , mformat as).
For example, to copy the report.txt file from the A: disk to the / tmp directory in Linux ,
mcopy a: report.txt / tmp
it is enough to write .
Is there a program like Scandisk ? What can I do against Defragmentation ?
Linux does not have a defragmentation problem. Scandisk operation is also done automatically at every boot. If you turn off the computer by not pressing the Control-Alt- Delete keys, the fsck program will start up at this time, and some problems will be investigated for some time.
Occasionally a file named core is created. What is this?
This file is a hard disk that is written to disk in memory of programs that are not working properly and that have failed. You can safely delete it.
How do I see inside the CD and floppy disk?
You can use the mtools package to operate on the floppy disk (see above). In order to use the CD, it is necessary to mount ( mount ) in advance .
mount / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom
How do I see disk statistics?
The df command will tell you how much free space is available on the disk. To see how much memory the type in which the site is free.
I installed Linux, but I want to delete it. How can I do it?
Run the fdisk program that ships with Windows 98 and delete the Linux partition that appears as Non- DOS
I want to write a C program, how do I say it?
Compilers such as gcc , egcs are known as the most powerful C compilers. You wrote a program, let's call it myprog.c . To compile this
gcc myprog.c -o myprog
command .
What are the development tools under Linux?
There are many development programs that come with Linux. Them (from the free software) programming with the conspicuous found a Delphi-like interface that facilitates KDevelop and Qt libraries are in large measure u.
Next to KDevelop ;
Qt Designer
Forms Design
DDD, data display debugger
Glade
There are such programs. Www.linuxapps to a wider development tool list. com.
Are there any other programs I can try and install?
If you need to bring a few suggestions, which we often refer to our programs also include Blender (www. .Nl blender, XMMS (www.xmms.org), Moonlight (www.moonlight3d.org), KVIrc (www.kvirc.org and licq (www. licq.org.
How do I run Windows programs?
See the question on Wine and Wabi .
How can I see Windows machines in the environment?
Samba and Mars packages are perfect for this process. Both Windows and Linux systems can see each other on the same network through these two programs.
tar.gz or. How do I open files ending in tgz ?
These types of files are compressed. Tar and gzip commands are most frequently used in Linux for compression and archiving . When tar is archiving a directory with its subdirectories, gzip is used to compress this single archived file.
The following program is ending in .tar .gz or. It will open the file ending with tgz to your current directory.
tar - zxvf dosyaadi.tgz
How do I send emails?
To do this, there are pine , kmail or Netscape software available under Linux . pine text environment, kmail and Netscape graphics is used in the environment.
How do I see Macintosh files?
In order to read the Macintosh's Hierarchical File System (HFS) file system, you need to download and install the programs at sunsite.unc.edu.
How do I install, update and delete a package?
To install any package with RPM, the following command is sufficient.
rpm -i packet.rpm
To update a package to a later version,
rpm - Uvh paketadı.rpm
To completely delete the package from the system,
rpm -e package.rpm
To see which packages are available in the system
rpm - qa | more
commands available.
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So what is Linux?
Immediately, sir: Linux In 1991 Linus , a Finnish computer engineering student Torvalds is an operating system kernel project that is being developed.
I'm grieving. What do I mean by mi What is Linux ir?
Hmm . Linux is really an operating system kernel project. But I understand what you really want to hear. Let me talk about a few small concepts that we may need on the way to the answer you're looking for before, but then comes the following: 'Operating system' is probably the most basic, indispensable collection of software that allows us to run the applications we want on our computer and use our hardware. The core is the core component of this software community. Linux is a software that actually forms the core of many open-source operating system, but over the years in the name of the Linux open source operating system butene to define the nude has been enhanced.
Haha. The most famous ”open source software“ event. I'm going to ask you a question about a lot of bombs.
Although it deserves a very detailed explanation, I simply try to summarize it. The relationship between the software and their source code is similar to the relationship between the dishes and the recipes of those dishes. The source code is a human notation that can be understood by a human in a specific, formal structure . The source code of a software tells you exactly what that software does. Source code is subject to certain operations and the famous 1 and 0, consisting of binary software that can be understood and operated by the computer. In the meantime, this conversion is unidirectional, that is, it cannot be converted into a software source code, but the source code can be converted into software.
I gave up the bomb question. Then I'il ask him. Another question: Linux is developing a lot of people. Is it correct?
True.
But this project is Linus Torvalds started it ... So what if one day the gentleman called Linus closes the Linux source code? You know, if all these people help, you know what they do?
You asked the cliché question of the people who were in the vision of things , but you provided me with a good starting point. Yes, Linus Torvalds can do something like that. To date, anyone who has contributed to Linux's source code can sign off Linux's source code, agreeing to give away money and renounce copyrights. But the source code of the previous kernel version can not prevent the development of the kernel with a different name.What makes this and the contributors feel safe is GP L, the General Public License .
I have the feeling that I'm heading for the original answer to my first question. Let me ask you to show me the courtesy that you did n't show me and let me ask you medi what is this GPL license?
You are very kind thank you. GPL is a free software license. When a software is licensed with this license, the source code is gifted to the community and gives everyone the right without any discrimination: yazılım You can run this software for the purpose you want ı,: You can change the source code of this software as you wish olur, You can copy as much as you want ist. This approach is more than the understanding of the world of information we are accustomed to , human approach.
The fact that the act is heard does not come alive in my mind.
In fact, there are a number of practical and indirect benefits. Once developed under the GPL umbrella, the software is developed for the benefit of bırak society sarf and yazılım humanity ıc without distinction from the beginning to the end, without requiring any special effort. Why is that? Because, software developers do not spend time on rediscovering the wheel, they can produce new software by using those solutions directly without solving the previously solved problems. So it's time to put new ideas into practice instead of wasting time with details (for example, Firefox is a known example). Thanks to the new ideas, there are more diverse and good alternatives to computer users. On the other hand, users can allocate software wages to hardware or other needs and increase the standards of living and working, since they can be abilir owner ve with free software at most cost 0. High working st increases the yield and so on.
You explained well. But you're not a stranger, let me be clear. Cost event is not a very valid argument in my opinion , maliyet DVD full program $ 3, what are you talking about cost? De they say.
Well thank you. If I'm not a stranger, then I'm not gonna talk. Many people think in the way you say and they use their computers with unpaid, copy software. Those who do this, both conscientiously and legally, are criminals unfortunately. If a producer wants a price for his software, I think it is a great injustice to the manufacturer not to pay for his labor and to use the software illegally. I don't know how people are doing their conscience, but I'm relying on the lack of time to build the ethics of informatics because of the rapidly growing IT industry. Aside from the question of conscience, it is an act that makes people fall into a state of law against the law. It is a pity that people are considered to have committed crimes that they wouldn't even think of doing throughout their lives because they wanted to meet their needs. But the more distressing is that they are used to it and ignore alternatives. On the other hand, as a person who can continue to live with a DVD full program, what about state institutions? If we think in a totally emotional way in our country, the state buys millions of dollars of software every year , although there are open source alternatives. Definitely not the country that has practical questions to be solved with this money ?
You're embarrassed me by calling me a conscience.
And you have something like that, for example, you pay and use the license price of a closed source software. So both laws and conscience are happy. Let's say a friend asked you for a copy of this software, but the licensedoes not allow the software . What do you do?
Trap question. I can't save what I say. You can do whatever you want.
Please answer the questions m. Is that what I'm doing to you?
Good. I will.
You give. So , when you do this, don't we go back to the original situation because you violated the license agreement? Are you doing something wrong both conscientiously and legally and don't you make your friend do the same wrong ?
Good. I do not give.
My daughter. Anyways. Don't give this place a place, in fact: travel to the other end of the coin. I think that the creation of such a dilemma is one of the biggest stakes in humanity. Also, I think this situation brings out one of the concepts that are the basis of open source software and provide to people : sharing.
I thought you were gonna say freedom.
I had calculated that I would say, but there would be no pat freedom pat. But when you think about the GPL provisions , you can feel the existence of a general sense of freedom .
Okay, I got it. So let's say something has come alive in my head. It's a beautiful event, there's someone, they write code and they open it, others can use what they write, they can use what others have written, they have a license, they make these codes public. It's also nice to use free software.
And the most effective way to use free software is to use a Linux distribution.
Hah, Linux distribution, what is this?
Linux distribution, the Linux kernel and its surrounding free software running in harmony, new applications to install and remove a system that provides ease of removal is mentioned.
From there, you can gather the open source code from there and make it into compatible systems, and this becomes a Linux distribution?
Yes, some are writing their own tools, some are easier than others. But each one promises users the taste and peace of mind to use computers freely .
Of course, it promises to give you peace of mind, but I see people talking about the difficulty of Linux. Who knows what I'm gonna do if I just sit on my head. I have a discouragement about this.
Now the distribution has improved a lot. I admit, it wasn't that easy. But Pardus is installed with seven clicks, for example, other Linux distributions are no longer in it. A lot of people can easily use Pardus or other distributionsafter a short period of familiarization . Somewhere, we need to dare and give Linux a chance. Finally, the power that gives power to users. You're going to make a serious contribution, even by just using it.
Well. I'm gonna try that after all. As a result, I understand the meaning of Linux is a little enlarged. In Linux, people are talking about an operating system and an understanding that is now surrounded by free software.
Yes that's right. I call it the key to freedom.
***
Good, nice; Linux is an operating system; but why should I leave my Windows like Rose and switch to Linux?
Well, actually, that's a good question, and there are a lot of answers to this question:
1- LINUX is FREE.
Yes, Linux does not charge you any fees. Because this is the nature of Linux. You don't need to spend 100 dollars more on your operating system to use a computer that you bought, a system you just installed. Linux distributions may only incur additional costs, such as cd, cover, user manual (except for some very small exceptions). Even the volunteers can even be mailed to you completely free of charge. Or some of my distributions are sent voluntarily from America like you want to get 5 cents of cargo money.
2 - LINUX, ONE HUNDREDS OF THE PROGRAM IS GIVING FREE OF CHARGE, THE FULL OF THE PROGRAMS THAT WILL BE SUCCESSFUL AND DOWNLOAD.
You don't hear it wrong, you can have all the programs you need with Linux for free. When you install Linux, you have all the office programs, cd burning programs, messengers, various kinds of internet browsers, music and video programs, movie editing programs. In other words, the programs you have completely acquired in Windows and even spend the money for the majority of them come free when you install your operating system. If you are not satisfied with this, you can get free of charge from Linux's wide range of programs, if you need more!
3- LINUX IS VERY SAFE!
Linux is so safe that you can surf the Internet without fear of viruses. There are very few viruses for Linux and its security is highly developed. Therefore, there is no doubt about the security of your system. You will no longer need to format your computer every 3 months!
4- LINUX OPEN SOURCE CODE.
The open source code means that the software can be changed, and the user can shape it according to his needs. Unlike the Windows operating system, Linux is growing every second thanks to its wide range of volunteers.
5- LINUX IS MORE THAN.
Linux is much more stable, ie a stable operating system. You do not encounter such errors, you do not have to suffer from poor performance, even when a program error occurs in the system, such as Windows will lock or reboot, the application that closes the error. So you don't lose data. You can keep your computer open for many days without interruption.
Actually, I was thinking about writing longer. But I won't end up writing Linux's advantages, so I have to settle for them.
As we have seen, Linux continues its development away from any commercial concern by numerous volunteers around the world. It grows and develops by adding effortless labor. In fact, however, the biggest response is that Linux is all the way. Every major company (Google, etc.) goes to Linu8x, and home users are slowly turning to Linux.
THE ENVIRONMENT IS ENOUGH TO THIS EVERYTHING.
***
GNU / Linux, which is the full name of the core + General Public License operating system project consists of the system, computer users briefly "Linux" is called. Unix lies on the basis of Linux. Even though they are not the same operating systems, Linux is considered the heir of Unix and the source of the output is Unix.
When IBM makes the first computer, it wants to patent the machine from the US Patent Office. However, the office does not patent IBM, stating that the machine is made up of many electronic circuits, that another person can do this machine by using different brand and model circuits, and that it cannot be any unique design. When IBM could not obtain a patent,
They cannot monopolize the PC and the electronics companies begin to produce their own PCs.
Secondly, IBM does not completely get the distribution rights of the operating system for its own computer from its affiliate, Bill Gates. Thus, Gates has the chance to sell this operating system called IBM, called MS-DOS, to other computer manufacturers.
However, DOS was able to work in "Batch Processing". The operating system set the commands in a row, ending one and starting the other. The user waiting for the reply of a command had to wait for the previous application to end. No longer knew how long he would wait.
Uncomfortable with this, AT & T, MIT University and General Electric 's joint work called the system called MULTICS. So Yani Multi-Information and Calculation System “. But the system was too hant. Ken Thompson, who worked in the MULTICS team, was working on simulation programs used in space exploration. These programs were pushing the system very hard and were constantly receiving complaints from project colleagues. That's why Thompson was able to work when no one was using the system, and he was extremely uncomfortable with this. This is why the bulky MULTICS
the features that he has found and will respond to his own wishes have improved the system. Its name was inspired by MULTICS and put it on UNICS. UNICS, which was the first version of Unix, appeared in 1970 on Ken Thompson's DEC brand, PDP-7 model, which can be considered even older.
Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan from Bell Labs in 1972 completed their work on the programming language 3 C 3 and called it UNIX in 1973 by rewriting the UNICS operating system with the C language. In this way, UNIX is-first written in a high-level language, hardware-independent, and enables multi-process and multi-user operation.
The operating system has emerged as işlet.
Due to all these features, electronics companies need to add Unix to the operating system repertories, whether they are the systems they work on or the systems they produce. Unix was not developed for commercial purposes. It was open source and completely free. That's why
firms have had the opportunity to develop for their own systems. They quickly realized this and developed Unix to work best with their systems. These developed Unix derivatives were called “distribution Bu.
Some of those:
IBM - AIX
DEC - ULTRIX
HP - HPUX
SIEMENS - SINIX
They offered free of charge software and software that would run under this operating system, and charged only for technical advice and service. With no operating system costs, the prices of computer systems were also down. In order to optimize these distributions, they set up resources and created teams.
Professor Andrew Tanenbaum designed a simple Unix-like operating system for 8086 computers and called it MINIX. He taught his students the lessons on this operating system and there were newsgroups in which they discussed technical issues.
On 25 August 1991, a message came from a student named Linus Torvalds. Torvalds, in the message, stated that a small operating system design for 386 and 486 PCs was now nearing its end. C compiler and ama bash un were able to add the shell code to the new environment. In the modest message, this is not an advanced operating system; many modern systems that they intended to open only the computer is likely to never be developed. Inspired by his own name, Torvalds put this operating system on the Internet in September 1991, which he called LINUX.
This movement initiated a chain reaction, which he was even surprised by. In a short time, more and more improvements and improvements came from many people, and the next version of Linux took its place on the Internet 1 month after the first one. Linux was being developed rapidly and collectively. Unknown developers were trying to develop Linux without any expectations and instructions.
While someone was trying to add VGA support, others were struggling for audio support or driver support. There was almost a new release once a month.
Linux attracted the attention of Richard Stallman from MIT. In 1983, Stallman initiated a foundation study called GNU (GNU is Not Unix) around the concept of bir free software St. Its purpose was to bring together computer and free software work, to explain the results and to provide resource libraries for other developers. Many systems under GNU
it was introduced, but these systems did not have a solid core. Here, Linux, Stallman, at this point was exactly what he needed. Stallman included Linux in the GNU project and the GNU / Linux operating system was introduced. Linux was not commercially designed. The source was clear. Therefore, individuals, institutions or companies, as in Unix, have also attempted to make Linux the best way to meet their own and user needs, creating, distribution O.
RESOURCES :
- Who is Afraid of Linux - Can Ugur Ayfer - Omer Ayfer
- Just For Fun - Linus Torvalds
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